Reviewer in English
by: Joan Victoria Capistrano
Spelling Words
1) Colossal
2) Combatant
3) Caucus
4) Camouflage
5) Consciousness
6) Champagne
7) Conscientious
8) Commemorate
9) Continuous
10)
Continuity
11)
Camaraderie
12)
Catastrophe
13)
Complacent
14)
Contemptuous
15)
Cocoa
16)
Conceit
17)
Appropriate
18)
Accommodate
19)
Acknowledge
20)
Acquainted
21)
Assassinate
22)
Amateur
23)
Auxiliary
24)
Concede
25)
Colleague
26)
Committee
27)
Courteous
28)
Convenience
29)
Discipline
30)
Esteem
31)
Embarrass
32)
Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are nouns that cannot be perceived by the
senses. These are intangible.
Examples: love, faith, excellence, peace, loyalty
Most of the time, abstract nouns are formed when suffixes are
added to word like:
Unity (unite), seizure (seize), failure (fail), durability
(durable)
Possessive Nouns
Possessive nouns are nouns that show ownership or possession.
Ø To form the
possessive of singular nouns, add apostrophe and s (‘s). Some examples are:
president’s decision, leader’s request, and Joshua’s answer.
Ø To form the
possessive of plural nouns that nouns that do not end in s, we add ‘s. Some
examples are: mice’s hole, children’s game, and women’s league.
Ø To form the
possessive of plural nouns ending in s, add only an apostrophe. Some examples
are: leaders’ decision, teachers’ meeting, and pupils’ grade.
Ø To form the
possessive the possessive of singular proper nouns ending in s, x, and z, add
apostrophe and s. Some examples are Max’s restaurant, Jazz’s wallet, and
Lucas’s house. However if a name is ending in –s and it is followed by a word
beginning with s, we add apostrophe only to avoid a hissing sound. Some examples
are: Carlos’ shoes, Lucas’ sandwich, and Thomas’ surprise.
Ø To form the
possessive of plural proper names that end in s, we add an apostrophe only.
Some examples are: Santoses’ ideas, Perezes’ ancestral house, and Marcoses’
property.
Ø To indicate
joint ownership, add apostrophe and s only to the last noun. Some examples are:
Sarah and Mika’s classmates, Julia and Janine’s adviser, and Mrs. Bravo and
Mrs. Victoria’s work.
Ø To indicate
separate ownership, we add apostrophe and s to both nouns. Some examples are:
Mariel’s and Sarah’s parents, Danica’s and Mari’s chairs, and Shiela’s and
Joy’s bags.
Plural of nouns
Ø Most nouns
add s to form their plural. Some examples are: books, units, trees, phones, and
chairs.
Ø Nouns that
end in x, s, z, ch, and sh form the plural by adding es. Some examples are
boxes, buses, quizzes, churches and brushes.
Ø Nouns that
end in y preceded by a vowel form their plural by adding s. Some examples are:
boys, keys, rays, ways and days.
Ø Nouns that
end in y preceded by a consonant form their plural by changing y to I then
adding es.
Ø Some nouns
form their plural by changing its spelling. Some examples are goose-geese,
ox-oxen, child-children, man-men, woman-women.
Ø Numerals,
letters, and symbols form the plural by adding ‘s. Some examples are: 6’s, V’s,
B’s, T’s
Ø Some nouns
have the same singular and plural form. Some examples are: sheep, deer, moose,
series, species.
Ø Nouns
ending in ful form their plural by adding s. Some examples are armfuls,
cupfuls, basketfuls, and bucketfuls.
Ø Nouns that
end in o form the plural by adding s or es or both. You have to memorize the
words to be sure.
Add s only: piano-pianos, radio-radios, trio-trios,
cello-cellos
Add es only: tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes,
hero-heroes, mango- mangoes
Add s or es: cargo-cargos/es, mosquito-mosquitos/es,
domino-dominos/es
Ø Nouns that
end in f or fe form their plural by changing their ending to v and adding es.
Some examples are: half-halves, wife- wives, shelf- shelves, knife-knives,
loaf-loaves, dwarf-dwarves, calf- calves.
Ø Some nouns
in English are borrowed from other languages. Such nouns have more than one
plural form.
Examples: formula- formulas/formulae
Criterion-criterions/criteria
Index- indexes/ indices
Vertex- vertexes- vertices
Ø Compound
nouns form their plural by adding s to the most important word.
Examples: maid of honor=maids of honor
Sister-in-law=sisters-in-law
Governor-general=governors general
Editor-in-chief=editors-in-chief
Passerby=passersby
Ø Nouns that
have foreign origins (usually Greek and Latin) and their plural forms:
1. Crisis-
crises
2. Parenthesis-
parentheses
3. Axis- axes
4. Datum- data
5. Bacterium-
bacteria
6. Medium-
media
7. Focus-
focuses, foci
8. Basis-
bases
9. Octopus-
octopuses, octopi
10.
Phenomenon- phenomenons, phenomena
11.
Stimulus- stimuli
12.
Syllabus- syllabuses, syllabi
13.
Terminus- terminuses, termini
14.
Cactus- cactuses, cacti
15.
Oasis- oases
Ø Nouns that
have the same form in singular and plural:
1. Cod
2. Reindeer
3. Trout
4. Salmon
5. Greenfly
6. Chassis
7. Halibut
8. Aircraft
9. Précis
10.
Insigne
Ø Nouns that
are always plural:
1. Trousers
2. Scissors
3. Pliers
4. Shorts
5. Jeans
6. Tweezers
7. Goods
8. Eyeglasses
9. Tongs
10.
Binoculars
11.
Nominative
Functions of Nouns
Ø Subject-
the subject is the topic or the noun talked about in the sentence
1. The president delivered his SONA.
2. Our task is to support his agenda to
reform.
3. Many students do not know what is going on
in our country.
Ø Subject
Complement- It is the noun that identifies the subject or completes the meaning
of the subject.
1. Percy
Jackson is a delightful story.
2. Estrogen
and progesterone are the female hormones.
3. Maria is a
diligent student.
Ø Appositive-
It is the noun that gives additional meaning to the noun before it.
1. Julia, my seatmate,
is quiet and attentive in class.
2. My teacher,
Mrs. Calimag, is very industrious.
3. My favorite
subject, Science, is very easy.
Ø Direct
address- It is the noun that the speaker addresses or talks to.
1. Marie, be quiet.
2. Listen
well, Max.
3. Mr. Dismaya,
may I go to the clinic?
Objective Function
of Nouns
Ø Direct
Object- It is the noun that receives the action of the verb.
1. I will take a nap.
2. Sarah will
eat a banana.
3. The
students clean their classroom every
day.
Ø Indirect
Object- It is the noun that tells to whom or for whom the action was done.
1. Michelle
offered Ynna some pancakes.
2. Adrian fed spot some animal crackers.
3. Mother
considered mosquitos her enemies.
Ø Object of
the Preposition- It is the noun that comes after a preposition.
1. The girl
sleeps in her room
2. Joan
rendered her iPod to the guidance councilor.
3. Harry was
hiding behind the door.
Ø Object
Complement- It is the noun that completes the meaning of the direct object in
the sentence. An object complement only appears if the sentence already
contains a direct object.
1. Pupils
considered teachers their second parents
2. Some
children call their parents guardian
angels
3. Parents consider their children their most
valuable gift.
Tag Questions
Tag questions express doubt and uncertainty. A comma is used
to separate the statement from the tag question.
Ø A positive
statement goes with a negative tag question
1. The trees were created by God, weren’t they?
Ø A negative
statement goes with a positive tag question.
2. Yana was late, wasn’t she?
Personal Pronouns
Personal Pronouns are used to take place of nouns, and to
avoid repetition of words.
There are three cases of the pronouns: the nominative case,
the objective case, and the possessive case.
Ø A pronoun
is in the nominative case if it functions as the subject or predicate
nominative of the sentence. The pronouns in the nominative case are I, you, he,
she, we, they, and it.
Examples: Writers sometimes use
emoticons. They express their
feeling through these emoticons.
The author is she.
The award winning novel was it.
Ø The
pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us and them are object pronouns. They are used
as direct objects, indirect object, and object of the preposition.
Examples: Where did you find them?
We invited him
to the birthday party.
Have you visited him?
Ø The
pronouns his, hers, its, their, yours, ours, and mine are possessive pronouns
because they show ownership.
Examples: Those good ideas about loyalty to our
country are all hers.
The winning entry in the poetry writing contest is his.
Those responses are hers.
Figures of Speech
Ø Simile- A
comparison of two unlike objects using as or like.
Examples: Mira is like a lion, when she is mad.
Mabel is as fearless as a tiger.
Ø Metaphor- A
comparison of two objects taking it as it is.
Examples: Daphne is a pretty flower in the garden.
Patty is a lion when she is angry.
Ø Hyperbole-
A figure of speech with the use of exaggeration.
Examples:
Dalancy is so hungry that she could eat a horse.
Megan cried a river when her dog died.
Ø Personification-
A figure of speech that gives human qualities to a nonliving object.
Examples: The
grass dances with the wind.
My alarm clock wakes me up every morning.
Letter Writing
A Friendly letter has
different kinds: a letter of sympathy, invitation, acceptance or refusal,
thanksgiving etc.
A friendly letter is like a visit. It is the easiest letter
and it is the kind we often use.
Parts of a friendly letter
A letter has five parts: the heading, the greeting, the body
of the letter, the complimentary close, and the signature
Ø The heading
of the letter contains the address of the writer and the date it was written.
49 A Saint Anne Street 76
D Sampaguita Steet
Provident Village Sikatuna
Village
Marikina City Quezon
City
Ø The heading
of the letter varies with the nature of the letter and the relationship between
the writer and the person to whom the letter is written. The greeting of a
friendly letter consists of only one line. Capitalize the first word and the
name of the addressee. Do not capitalize the words dear and dearest unless they
are the first word in the greeting. Put a comma at the end of the greeting.
Dear Mom and Dad,
My dear grandfather,
Ø The body of
the letter contains what you want to say in you letter. In letter writing we
must observe the following: Be courteous, never be rude; Write simply and
naturally; make your letter interesting.
Ø The
complimentary close, sometimes called closing, ends the letter. It is the word
or phrase you write before you sign your name. Begin the first word of the
complimentary close with a capital letter and put a comma after it.
Sincerely yours,
Ø The
signature is your name without any punctuation mark after it. Use you given
name or nickname when writing to your relatives or friends. Write your full
name if you do not know the person you are writing to quite well.
Andrea
This is an
example of a friendly letter:
49 A Saint
Anne Street 19 C Maamo Street Provident Village Sikatuna Village Marikina City Quezon City
Dear Abby,
How did you know that I wanted a
watch? I had long envied my classmates for their pretty watches. I never
thought I would be such a happy owner of a fine watch!
I want you to know that I am deeply grateful
for your generosity. Each time I look at my new watch, I’m reminded of you.
Your
loving bestfriend,
Mitchy
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